시민사회단체들, RCEP에서 투자자 국가 분쟁해결제도에 반대 의견 표명
역내포괄적경제동반자협정(RCEP)은 16개국이 비공개 협상을 하는 중이다. 유출된 RCEP 투자 분야 협상문에 따르면, 외국인 투자자가 RCEP 참여국 정부를 중재기구로 끌고 갈 수 있도록 하는 제안이 포함되어 있다. 이 제안에 따르면, 투자자는 자신의 손해를 이자까지 포함하여 배상받기 위하여 국가를 상대로 분쟁을 제기할 수 있게 된다. 만약 이 제안이 RCEP에 포함된다면, 외국인 투자자는 국가가 새로운 법률이나 정책을 도입하거나 변경하는 등 투자자에게 불리한 규제를 하는 경우 설령 그 규제가 공공의 이익을 위한 것이라 하더라도 투자자-국가 분쟁해결제도(ISDS)를 통해 국가를 중재기구에 회부할 수 있다.
기존의 ISDS 사례를 보면, 투자자는 보건, 환경, 조세, 금융 정책은 물론 다양한 법률을 문제삼아 이겼고, 어떤 사건에서는 분쟁에서 진 정부가 무려 400억 달러에 달하는 배상금을 투자자에게 물어주기도 했다. 이 정도 금액은 어느 정부도 감당하기 어려울 정도로 막대하다. 하지만 RCEP에는 최빈국 3개(캄보디아, 라오스, 미얀마)가 포함되어 있는데, 이들 국가가 막대한 배상금을 외국인 투자자에게 지불하기는 특히 어렵다.
지금까지 알려진 ISDS 사건은 107개 국가를 상대로 한 696건이 있고 이 수치는 매년 빠르게 늘고 있다(2015년에 가장 많은 사건이 새로 발생했다). 투자자의 권리는 넓게 해석하는 반면 정부의 규제 권한은 좁게 해석하는 이 사건들 때문에 많은 개발국이나 개도국 정부는 양자간 투자 협정(BIT), 자유무역협정(FTA) 투자 챕터에 ISDS를 포함한 투자자 보호 조항에 두는 것을 재검토하고 있다. 예를 들어 RCEP 참여국만 하더라도:
- 인도와 인도네시아는 BIT 의무를 폐기했고,
- 싱가포르 법무장관과 호주 대법원장은 ISDS에 대해 우려를 표명했으며,
- 뉴질랜드 대법원장은 인권에 기초한 법원의 판결도 ISDS 대상이 될 수 있다고 지적했다.
RCEP 이외의 국가들도 ISDS를 반대한 바 있는데:
- 남아프리카공화국과 에콰도르는 BIT 의무를 폐기했고,
- 독일 경제 장관은 유럽-미국 FTA에서 ISDS를 반대했으며,
- 독일, 프랑스, 오스트리아 의회는 캐나다와의 FTA 협상과 미국과의 FTA 협상에서 ISDS에 반대한 바 있고,
- 미국의 모든 주의회는 어떠한 조약에도 ISDS가 포함되어서는 안된다고 반대했다.
유엔의 여러 인권기구들 역시 ISDS에 심각한 우려를 밝혔는데, UN의 인권 관련 특별보고관, 독립전문가10명은 ISDS 사례들을 살펴보면 공공의 이익을 위한 국가의 규제권한과 입법권한이 위협받고 있으며, 정부는 위축되어 공적 규제를 꺼리게 된다는 점이 드러났다고 한다. 이들은 RCEP과 같은 FTA 협상에서 협상문을 공개하고 시민사회를 포함한 이해당사자들이 투명하게 참여하는 방식으로 협상을 진행할 것을 권고했다.
RCEP 통상장관들은 교착상태에 있는 협상 분야를 해결하기 위해 2016년 8월 5일 라오스에서 각료회의를 연다. 아래에 연명한 95개 RCEP 시민사회 단체들은 RCEP 협상국에게 ISDS를 제외할 것을 강력하게 요구한다.
참고: RCEP 참여국은 브루나이, 캄보디아, 인도네시아, 라오스, 말레이시아, 미얀마, 필리핀, 싱가포르, 태국, 베트남), 한국, 중국, 일본, 호주, 뉴질랜드, 인도 등 16개 나라이다.
연명단체
1. GRAIN, Global
2. Third World Network, Global
3. Transnational Institute (TNI), Global
4. World Federation of Public Health Associations. Global
5. LDC Watch
6. Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law & Development (APWLD), Global Asia & Pacific
2. Third World Network, Global
3. Transnational Institute (TNI), Global
4. World Federation of Public Health Associations. Global
5. LDC Watch
6. Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law & Development (APWLD), Global Asia & Pacific
7. Public Services International Asia & Pacific, Asia & Pacific
8. Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance, Asia & Pacific
9. The Building and Wood Workers’ International Asia-Pacific, Asia & Pacific
10. Focus on the Global South, Philippines, Thailand, India, Cambodia, Laos
11. Australian Fair Trade and Investment Network, Australia
12. Australian Services Union, Australia
13. The Grail Global Justice Network, Australia
14. People’s Health Movement, Australia
15. Public Health Association of Australia
16. New South Wales Nurses & Midwives’ Association, Australia
17. Cambodian Grassroots Cross-sector Network, Cambodia
18. SILAKA, Cambodia
19. Social Action for Change, Cambodia
20. The Messenger Band, Cambodia
21. Women’s Network for Unity, Cambodia
22. Worker’s Information Center, Cambodia
23. All India Drug Action Network, India
24. Alliance for Sustainable and Holistic Agriculture (ASHA), India
25. Delhi Network of Positive People, India
26. Food Sovereignty Alliance, India
27. Forum Against FTAs, India
28. India FDI Watch, India
29. Indian Social Action Forum - INSAF, India
30. Initiative for Health & Equity in Society, India
31. International Treatment Preparedness Coalition (ITPC) -South Asia, India
32. Sunray Harvesters, India
33. Thanal, India
34. The Centre for Internet and Society, India
35. Toxics Watch Alliance (TWA), India
36. Ahimsa Society, Indonesia
37. Aliansi Masyarakat Sipil Untuk Perempuan Politik (ANSIPOL), Indonesia
38. Aliansi Nasional Bhineka Tunggal Ika (ANBTI), Indonesia
39. Aliansi Petani Indonesia, Indonesia
40. Bina Desa, Indonesia
41. Creata, Indonesia
42. Forhati Jatim, Indonesia
43. Himpunan Wanita Disabilitas Indonesia (HWDI), Indonesia
44. IHCS (Indonesian Human Rights Committee for Social Justice), Indonesia
45. Indonesia AIDS Coalition, Indonesia
46. Indonesia for Global Justice (IGJ), Indonesia
47. Jaringan Advokasi Tambang (JATAM), Indonesia
48. Koalisi Rakyat Untuk Hak Atas Air (KRuHA), Indonesia
49. Konsorsium Pembaruan Agraria (KPA), Indonesia
50. Maju Perempuan Indonesia (MPI), Indonesia
51. Pengembangan Inisiatif dan Advokasi Rakyat (PIAR) NTT, Indonesia
52. Pengurus Wilayah Lembaga Kajian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Manusia Nahdlatul Ulama (PW LAKPESDAM NU DKI), Indonesia
53. Sawit Watch, Indonesia
54. Serikat Petani Indonesia (SPI) (LVC Indonesia)
55. Solidaritas Perempuan (Women’s Solidarity for Human Rights), Indonesia
56. Southeast Asia Freedom of Expression Network, Indonesia
57. Yogya Interfaith Forum, Indonesia
58. Japan Family Farmers Movement, Japan
59. Pacific Asia Resource Center (PARC), Japan
60. Jaringan Rakyat Tertindas (JERIT), Malaysia
61. Malaysian Council for Tobacco Control (MCTC), Malaysia
62. Malaysian Women’s Action for Tobacco Control & Health (MyWATCH), Malaysia
63. Penang Research Center in Socio Economy (PReCISE), Malaysia
64. Persatuan Kesedaran Komuniti Selangor (Empower Malaysia), Malaysia
65. Positive Malaysian Treatment Access & Advocacy Group (MTAAG+), Malaysia
66. Primary Care Doctors Organisation Malaysia (PCDOM), Malaysia
67. NGO Gender Group, Myanmar
68. Glocal Solutions Ltd, New Zealand
69. Doctors for Healthy Trade, New Zealand
70. It’s Our Future Aotearoa New Zealand
71. MANA Movement of the People, New Zealand
72. New Zealand Council of Trade Unions, New Zealand
73. New Zealand Public Service Association, New Zealand
74. New Zealand Tertiary Education Union, New Zealand
75. Ngai Tai Iwi Authority, New Zealand
76. Public Health Association
77. New Zealand Public Service Association, New Zealand
78. Alyansa Tigil MIna (Alliance Against Mining), Philippines
79. GABRIELA Alliance of Filipino Women, Philippines
80. IBON Foundation, Philippines
81. Initiatives for Dialogue and Empowerment through Alternative Legal Services (IDEALS), Philippines
82. Women’s Legal and Human Rights Bureau (WLB), Inc., Philippines
83. Association of Physicians for Humanism, Republic of Korea
84. IPLeft, Republic of Korea
85. Knowledge Commune, Republic of Korea
86. Korean Federation of Medical Groups for Health Rights, KFHR, Republic of Korea
87. Korean Pharmacists for Democratic Society, KPDS, Republic of Korea
88. Trade & Democracy Institute, Republic of Korea
89. Trade Commission of MINBYUN-Lawyers for a Democratic Society, Republic of Korea
90. Assembly of the Poor, Thailand
91. Foundation for Women, Thailand
92. FTA Watch, Thailand
93. Indigenous Women’s Network of Thailand, Thailand
94. Thai Poor Act, Thailand
95. Vietnam Network of People living with HIV, Vietnam
8. Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance, Asia & Pacific
9. The Building and Wood Workers’ International Asia-Pacific, Asia & Pacific
10. Focus on the Global South, Philippines, Thailand, India, Cambodia, Laos
11. Australian Fair Trade and Investment Network, Australia
12. Australian Services Union, Australia
13. The Grail Global Justice Network, Australia
14. People’s Health Movement, Australia
15. Public Health Association of Australia
16. New South Wales Nurses & Midwives’ Association, Australia
17. Cambodian Grassroots Cross-sector Network, Cambodia
18. SILAKA, Cambodia
19. Social Action for Change, Cambodia
20. The Messenger Band, Cambodia
21. Women’s Network for Unity, Cambodia
22. Worker’s Information Center, Cambodia
23. All India Drug Action Network, India
24. Alliance for Sustainable and Holistic Agriculture (ASHA), India
25. Delhi Network of Positive People, India
26. Food Sovereignty Alliance, India
27. Forum Against FTAs, India
28. India FDI Watch, India
29. Indian Social Action Forum - INSAF, India
30. Initiative for Health & Equity in Society, India
31. International Treatment Preparedness Coalition (ITPC) -South Asia, India
32. Sunray Harvesters, India
33. Thanal, India
34. The Centre for Internet and Society, India
35. Toxics Watch Alliance (TWA), India
36. Ahimsa Society, Indonesia
37. Aliansi Masyarakat Sipil Untuk Perempuan Politik (ANSIPOL), Indonesia
38. Aliansi Nasional Bhineka Tunggal Ika (ANBTI), Indonesia
39. Aliansi Petani Indonesia, Indonesia
40. Bina Desa, Indonesia
41. Creata, Indonesia
42. Forhati Jatim, Indonesia
43. Himpunan Wanita Disabilitas Indonesia (HWDI), Indonesia
44. IHCS (Indonesian Human Rights Committee for Social Justice), Indonesia
45. Indonesia AIDS Coalition, Indonesia
46. Indonesia for Global Justice (IGJ), Indonesia
47. Jaringan Advokasi Tambang (JATAM), Indonesia
48. Koalisi Rakyat Untuk Hak Atas Air (KRuHA), Indonesia
49. Konsorsium Pembaruan Agraria (KPA), Indonesia
50. Maju Perempuan Indonesia (MPI), Indonesia
51. Pengembangan Inisiatif dan Advokasi Rakyat (PIAR) NTT, Indonesia
52. Pengurus Wilayah Lembaga Kajian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Manusia Nahdlatul Ulama (PW LAKPESDAM NU DKI), Indonesia
53. Sawit Watch, Indonesia
54. Serikat Petani Indonesia (SPI) (LVC Indonesia)
55. Solidaritas Perempuan (Women’s Solidarity for Human Rights), Indonesia
56. Southeast Asia Freedom of Expression Network, Indonesia
57. Yogya Interfaith Forum, Indonesia
58. Japan Family Farmers Movement, Japan
59. Pacific Asia Resource Center (PARC), Japan
60. Jaringan Rakyat Tertindas (JERIT), Malaysia
61. Malaysian Council for Tobacco Control (MCTC), Malaysia
62. Malaysian Women’s Action for Tobacco Control & Health (MyWATCH), Malaysia
63. Penang Research Center in Socio Economy (PReCISE), Malaysia
64. Persatuan Kesedaran Komuniti Selangor (Empower Malaysia), Malaysia
65. Positive Malaysian Treatment Access & Advocacy Group (MTAAG+), Malaysia
66. Primary Care Doctors Organisation Malaysia (PCDOM), Malaysia
67. NGO Gender Group, Myanmar
68. Glocal Solutions Ltd, New Zealand
69. Doctors for Healthy Trade, New Zealand
70. It’s Our Future Aotearoa New Zealand
71. MANA Movement of the People, New Zealand
72. New Zealand Council of Trade Unions, New Zealand
73. New Zealand Public Service Association, New Zealand
74. New Zealand Tertiary Education Union, New Zealand
75. Ngai Tai Iwi Authority, New Zealand
76. Public Health Association
77. New Zealand Public Service Association, New Zealand
78. Alyansa Tigil MIna (Alliance Against Mining), Philippines
79. GABRIELA Alliance of Filipino Women, Philippines
80. IBON Foundation, Philippines
81. Initiatives for Dialogue and Empowerment through Alternative Legal Services (IDEALS), Philippines
82. Women’s Legal and Human Rights Bureau (WLB), Inc., Philippines
83. Association of Physicians for Humanism, Republic of Korea
84. IPLeft, Republic of Korea
85. Knowledge Commune, Republic of Korea
86. Korean Federation of Medical Groups for Health Rights, KFHR, Republic of Korea
87. Korean Pharmacists for Democratic Society, KPDS, Republic of Korea
88. Trade & Democracy Institute, Republic of Korea
89. Trade Commission of MINBYUN-Lawyers for a Democratic Society, Republic of Korea
90. Assembly of the Poor, Thailand
91. Foundation for Women, Thailand
92. FTA Watch, Thailand
93. Indigenous Women’s Network of Thailand, Thailand
94. Thai Poor Act, Thailand
95. Vietnam Network of People living with HIV, Vietnam
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